指挥与控制:核武器、大马士革事故与安全假象(出版书)尔德斯,发射井,肯尼迪 免费全文 最新章节列表

时间:2026-01-28 05:52 /东方玄幻 / 编辑:二喜
主角叫肯尼迪,霍尔德,发射井的小说叫做指挥与控制:核武器、大马士革事故与安全假象(出版书),本小说的作者是艾里克·施洛瑟/译者:张金勇创作的现代独宠、特种兵、军事的小说,文中的爱情故事凄美而纯洁,文笔极佳,实力推荐。小说精彩段落试读:[24] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents ...
《指挥与控制:核武器、大马士革事故与安全假象(出版书)》第68篇

[24] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #33,p. 14.

[25] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #3,p. 53.

[26] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #11,p. 34.

[27] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #51,p. 89.

[28] 发平台人员撤离了,当技术人员返回现场时,他们发现“闩式安全销”(latch safety pin)仍然将再入固定在导弹部。报告总结说:“事故的原因是没有遵守‘雷神’导弹的相关安全守则。”See “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #42,p. 87.

[29] “Accidents and Incidents Involving Nuclear Weapons:Accidents and Incidents During the Period 1 July 1957 Through 31 March 1967,” Technical Letter 20-3,Defense Atomic Support Agency,October 15,1967(SECRET/RESTRICTED DATA/declassified),Incident #9,p. 72.

[30] See Pete Earley,Family of Spies:Inside the John Walker Spy Ring(New York:Bantam,1988),p. 358.

[31] 人称“维诺那译码”(Venona decryptions),它们帮助发现了大约200名为苏联从事间谍活的美国人的名字或代号。参谋联席会议主席奥马尔·布拉德利将军做出了不将此事告诉杜鲁门总统的决定。此事的机主要是官僚主义的,而不是用心险恶。“这实质上是政府机密,”参议员丹尼尔·帕特里克·莫伊尼汉来写,“政府部门和机构收集信息,政府成了某种形式的市场。”谁知了这些秘密,谁就拥有了对该市场的更大的影响。关于让杜鲁门不知情的决策,可参见Daniel Patrick Moynihan,Secrecy:The American Experience(New Haven,Yale University Press,1998),pp. 59-73。引语出现于第73页。

[32] See Daniel Patrick Moynihan,Secrecy:The American Experience(New Haven,Yale University Press,1998),p. 16;and James Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr,Venona:Decoding Soviet Espionage in America(New Haven:Yale University Press,2000),pp. 47-56.

[33] See Secrecy:Report of the Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy(Washington,D.C.:Government Printing Office,1997). Quoted in Moynihan,Secrecy,p. 12.

[34] See Scott Shane,“U.S. Reclassifies Many Documents in Secret Review,” New York Times,February 21,2006.

[35] 关于苏联武器生产的悲剧遗产,可参见Vladislav Larin,“Mayak’s Walking Wounded,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists(September/October 1999),pp. 20-27,and John M. Whitely,“The Compelling Realities of Mayak,” in Russell J. Dalton,Paula Garb,Nicholas P. Lovrich,John C. Pierce,and John M. Whiteley,eds.,Critical Masses:Citizens,Nuclear Weapons Production,and Environmental Destruction in the United States and Russia(Cambridge,MA:MIT Press,1999),pp. 59-96。

[36] Quoted in Whitely,Dalton et al.,Critical Masses,p. 67.

[37] 布鲁斯·G.布莱尔撰写了有关苏联系的最佳指南。他在该主题上的研究可见于The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1993),pp. 59-167,以及 Global Zero Alert for Nuclear Forces(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1995)。布莱尔还为一位俄罗斯专家撰写的该领域为数不多的作品之一写了序言:Valery E. Yarynich,C3:Nuclear Command,Control Cooperation(Washington,D.C.:Center for Defense Information,2003)。其他两种文献,虽然有些过时了,但包许多有趣的信息。See Stephen M. Meyer,“Soviet Nuclear Operations,” in Ashton Carter,John D. Steinbruner,and Charles A. Zraket,eds.,Managing Nuclear Operations(Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1987);and Stephen J. Cimbala,Soviet C3(Washington,D.C.:AFCEA International Press,1987).

[38] Blair,The Logic of Accidental Nuclear War,p. 107.

[39] See Blair,Global Zero Alert,pp. 51,56;C3,pp. 137-45,157-59,245-48;and Hoffman,Dead Hand,pp. 152-54,421-23.

[40] Interview with Sidney Drell.

[41] 关于对核武器安全问题的突然兴趣的极佳分析,可参见Frank von Hippel,“Test Ban Debate,Round Three:Warhead Safety,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,April 1991。

[42] 参议员们当时正在讨论一项能源和利发展法案的修正案。See “Amendment No. 2833,Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act,” Senate,August 3,1992,Congressional Record,102nd Congress(1991-1992),pp. S11171-S11222.

[43] “Amendment No. 2833,Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act,” Senate,August 3,1992,Congressional Record,102nd Congress(1991-1992),p. S11172. 这名参议员是来自路易斯安那州的民主人J. 贝内特·约翰斯顿(J. Bennett Johnston)。

[44] “Amendment No. 2833,Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act,” Senate,August 3,1992,Congressional Record,102nd Congress(1991-1992),p. S11184.这名参议员是来自新墨西州的共和人皮特·多米尼齐(Pete Domineci)。

[45] “Amendment No. 2833,Energy and Water Development Appropriations Act,” Senate,August 3,1992,Congressional Record,102nd Congress(1991-1992),pp. S11186-S11187.这名参议员是来自缅因州的共和人威廉·科恩(William Cohen)。

[46] See Eric Schmitt,“Experts Say Test Ban Could Impair Nuclear-Arms Safety,” New York Times,October 8,1999. 美国国家科学院最近发布了一份与该论点相矛盾的报告。See The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty—Technical Issues for the United States,Committee on Reviewing and Updating Technical Issues Related to the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty,National Research Council of the National Academies(Washington,D.C.:National Academies Press,2012).

[47] 2007年的一份报告称,可靠替换弹头将“不仅仅是‘缕质的’”。这种新型武器还将减少“对环境的潜在危害并……改善工人的安全状况”。尽管目标远大,奥巴马总统还是在2009年取消了对可靠替换弹头的资金支持。See “Nuclear Warheads:The Reliable Replacement Warhead Program and the Life Extension Program,” Jonathan Medalia,CRS Report for Congress,Congressional Research Service,December 3,2007,p. 20.

[48] Peurifoy interview.

[49] See “Pit Lifetime,” JSR-06-335,MITRE Corporation,January 11,2007.

[50] Agnew interview.

[51] 该报告写:“安全问题在于,如果在处理一枚可以发出去的导弹时发生意外事故……它可能引爆推剂,而引爆弹头(中的高爆炸药)从而导致钚的扩散,甚至导致超过4磅标准的核爆炸。”See “Report of the Panel on Nuclear Weapons Safety,” pp. 26-30. 引文可见于第29页。关于该问题的详探讨,可参见John R. Harvey and Stefan Michalowski,“Nuclear Weapons Safety:The Case of Trident,” Science and Global Security,Volume 4(1994),pp. 261-337。

[52] Peurifoy interview.

[53] See James C. Slife,Creech Blue:General Bill Creech and the Reformation of the Tactical Air Forces,1978-1984(Maxwell Air Force Base,AL:Air University Press and the College of Aerospace Doctrine,Research and Education,2004).

[54] See John T. Correll,“The Air Force in the Vietnam War,” Air Force Association,December 2004,p. 26.

[55] 这是我自己的估计。美国空军拒绝向我提供2003年以来的战斗损失清单。由空军历史研究局(Air Force Historical Research Agency)编制的《1990~2002年美国空军有人驾驶飞机战损一览》(USAF Manned Aircraft Losses 1990-2002)提到该时期共有17架固定翼飞机被击落——3架是在南斯拉夫执行任务时,另外14架是在“沙漠风”(Operation Desert Storm)之中。据迈克尔·C.希拉克(Michael C. Sirak)的文章“Cost in Airframes”(Air Force Magazine,October 27,2008),2003~2008年秋天之间还有3架飞机被击落。我在翻阅了2009~2012年《美国空军一级航空航天失事报告》(United States Air Force Class A Aerospace Mishap Reports)之,没有找到更多的有人驾驶固定翼飞机被敌人击落的案例。实际上,那些报告中列出的许多坠机事件可能与战斗相关。尽管如此,考虑到至2008年天时飞行员们已经在伊拉克和阿富上空执飞了超过50万架次,空军的成绩还是令人瞩目的。该统计数据出自一篇文章的图表,可参见Tamar A. Mehuron and Heather Lewis,“The Mega Force,” Air Force Magazine,June 2008。

[56] 多年来,“突击”一词的义发生了明显的化。据2008年一次对空军如何管理其核武库的调查,“所谓的‘突击’检查实际上要等部队接到通知72小时才会开始”。该调查是由国防部部詹姆斯·施莱辛格领导的。See “Report of the Secretary of Defense Task Force on DoD Nuclear Weapons Management,Phase I:The Air Force’s Nuclear Mission,” September 2008,p. 37.

[57] “Report of the Secretary of Defense Task Force on DoD Nuclear Weapons Management,Phase I:The Air Force’s Nuclear Mission,” September 2008,p. 27.一项关于美国空军如何将秘密的核弹头引信当成直升机电池错误地运到台湾地区的研究显示,这些军官有时候不仅级别很低,而且本没资格从事他们手头的工作。这项研究发现:“在与空军核武器相关的管理层中,有些领导人甚至没有任何与核武器相关的工作经验,哪怕有也只是一点点过时的经验。”对该研究的引用可见于“The Unauthorized Movement of Nuclear Weapons and Mistaken Shipment of Classified Missile Components:An Assessment,” Michelle Spencer,Aadina Ludin,and Heather Nelson,USAF Counterproliferation Center,January 2012,p. 86。

[58] Cited in Joby Warrick and Walter Pincus,“Missteps in the Bunker,” Washington Post,September 23,2007.

[59] See Spencer et al.,“Unauthorized Movement and Mistaken Shipment,” pp. 13-14.

[60] 这些弹头是在8月29被挂载的,在第二天被发现。关于此事的官方说法,可参见“Report on the Unauthorized Movement of Nuclear Weapons,” the Defense Science Board Permanent Task Force on Nuclear Weapons Surety,Department of Defense,Washington,D.C.,February 2008。关于导致核弹头无人看管的管理失误的宽泛审视,可参见“The Unauthorized Shipment of Nuclear Weapons and Mistaken Shipment of Classified Missile Components:An Assessment,” Michelle Spencer,A. Ludin,and H. Nelson,The Counterproliferation Papers,Future Warfare Series No. 56,USAF Counterproliferation Center,January 2012。关于该起事故的一篇出的文章,可参见Joby Warrick and Walter Pincus,“Missteps in the Bunker,” Washington Post,September 23,2007。Rachel Maddow在Drift:The Unmooring of American Military Power(New York:Crown Publishers,2012),pp. 231-38中提到了该起事故中一些让人不安的节。

[61] “Report on the Unauthorized Movement,” p. 5. 混是很普遍的。这架B-52轰炸机的机和飞行员都没有接受过处理核武器的培训。而且调查人员发现,这6枚核武器还“被拉着经过了一个安全检查站……但在它们通过时并没有人对其行检查”。这句引文出自Spencer et al.,“Unauthorized Movement and Mistaken Shipment,” p. 12。

[62] 国防科学委员会指出,“过去,核武器保管权的正式转移是有相关规定的,当武器从仓储人员转移到护人员,然到机,再到机组人员时,都需要通过序列号行物理验证,记录并在正式文件上签名”。但在某个时候,那些程序就被终止了,把核武器从“冰屋”里转移出来时不再需要做记录。“Report on the Unauthorized Movement,” p. 5.

[63] 关于该起事件的详信息,可参见 “United States Air Force Missile Accident Investigation Board Report,” Minuteman III Launch Facility A06,319th Missile Squadron,90th Operations Group,90th Missile Wing,F. E. Warren Air Force Base,Wyoming,May 23,2008,Robert M. Walker,President,Accident Investigation Board,September 18,2008。

[64] “United States Air Force Missile Accident Investigation Board Report,” Minuteman III Launch Facility A06,319th Missile Squadron,90th Operations Group,90th Missile Wing,F. E. Warren Air Force Base,Wyoming,May 23,2008,Robert M. Walker,President,Accident Investigation Board,September 18,2008,p. 4.

[65] “United States Air Force Missile Accident Investigation Board Report,” Minuteman III Launch Facility A06,319th Missile Squadron,90th Operations Group,90th Missile Wing,F. E. Warren Air Force Base,Wyoming,May 23,2008,Robert M. Walker,President,Accident Investigation Board,September 18,2008,p. 4.

[66] 国防部正在尝试通过“物品唯一标识”(Item Unique Identification,IUID)技术——就是超市和电子商店已经用了许多年的那种条形码——来追踪其庞大的武器、零部件和设备库存,在一定程度上起到了作用。2010年空军核武器中心的负责人作证时说:“在与核武器相关的物品(Nuclear Weapon Related Material,NWRM)领域,我们继续取得并益完善积极的库存控制(Positive Inventory Control)。”这位将军承诺“会通过唯一标识和供应链纪律来锁定所有与核武器相关的物品”,但也警告“未来几年可能偶尔会发现此一直未发现的东西”。我们可以据此推测,现在的核武器正在被扫描、追踪和存储在适的地方。See “Defense Logistics:Improvements Needed to Enhance DOD’s Management Approach and Implementation of Item Unique Identification Technology,” United States General Accountability Office,Report to the Subcommittee on Readiness,Committee on Armed Services,House of Representatives,May 2012;and “Status of the Air Force Nuclear Security Roadmap,” Brigadier General Everett H. Thomas,Commander,Air Force Nuclear Weapons Center,Presentation to the Strategic Forces Subcommittee,Armed Services Committee,House of Representatives,111th Congress,January 21,2010,pp. 5,6.

[67] Cited in Tim Weiner,“The $2 Billion Bomber Can’t Go Out in the Rain,” New York Times,August 23,1997.

[68] 最一架B-52轰炸机是在1962年制造的,目仍在执行飞行任务。See John Andrew Prime,“B-52 Bomber Marks Major Milestones in 2012,” Air Force Times,April 9,2012.

[69] See David Majumdar,“Upgrades to Keep B-52s Flying Through 2040,” Air Force Times,October 4,2011.

[70] 全亿军事指挥控制系统从来就没有良好运转过。1979年的一项研究发现,它的自数据处理程序“无法对地方或全国的需做出响应”,“不可靠”并且“无法高效地……传输数据”。除此之外,它还算是个了不起的(terrific)系统。数字通信的出现标志着全亿军事指挥控制系统的终结。See “The World Wide Military Command and Control System—Major Changes Needed in Its Automated Data Processing Management and Direction,” Comptroller General of the United States,Report to the Congress,December 14,1979,p. ii.

[71] See “Global Command and Control System Adopted,” news release,United States Department of Defense,No. 552-96,September 26,1996.

[72] See “General Dynamics Awarded $1M DIRECT Emergency Action Message System Support Contract,” PR Newswire,May 23,2001;and “DIRECT Messaging System Overview,” General Dynamics C4 Systems(n.d.).

[73] 关于该起事件的详信息,可参见David S. Cloud,“Pentagon Cites Hardware Glitch in ICBM Outage,” Los Angeles Times,October 27,2010,and Michelle Tan,“Equipment Failure Cited in Warren Incident,” Air Force Times,May 5,2011。

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指挥与控制:核武器、大马士革事故与安全假象(出版书)

指挥与控制:核武器、大马士革事故与安全假象(出版书)

作者:艾里克·施洛瑟/译者:张金勇 类型:东方玄幻 完结: 是

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